Churchill once said something like this: Democracy is the worst form of government except for all other known forms of government. I think this is excellently put. Yes I still prefer to say that there are two kinds of government, those you cannot get rid of without bloodshed and those you can get rid of without bloodshed. I am an adherent os this second kind, whatever beautiful names you give to the first and whatever ugly names you give to the second.
The second kind of govenment — for brevity’s sake, let us call it democracy — is certainly not a method to ensure the rule of the wisest or the best; and it has often been criticized for this reason. But only a very unwise person can believe that any method exists that ensures the rule of the wisest or the best. At any rate, Socrates was certainly right that wisdom consists in realizing our own lack of wisdom.
Democracies have serious drawbacks. They certainly are not better than they ought to be. But corruption can occur under any kind og government. And I think that every serious student of history will agree, upon consideration, that our Western democracies are not only the most prosperous societies in history — that is important, but not so very important — but the freest, the most tolerant, and the least repressive large societies of which we have historical knowledge.
I have said this before, of course. It would be almost criminal not to say it if one believes it. One must fight those who make so many young people unhappy by telling them that we live in a terrible world, in a kind of capitalist hell. The truth is that we live in a wonderful world, in a beautiful world, and in an astonishingly free and open society. Of course it is fashionable, it is expected, and it is almost demanded from a Western Intellectual to say the opposite, to lament loudly about the world we live in, about our social ills, about the inherent injustice of our society, and especially about the the alleged terrible inequalities, and the impending day of reckoning.
I do not think that any of this is true. It is true that there are a few people who are very rich. What does it matter to me or to you? It is almost certainly not true that anyone suffers because a few are very rich, not to mention that quite a few of the few who are rich spend much of their money on such things as founding universities and lectureships and on scholarships and cancer research.
The truth is that Western democracies are the only societies in which there is much freedom, much welfare, and much equality before the law. Of course our society is very far from perfect. There is much misuse of drugs, of tobacco, and of alcohol. But from our experiment with prohibition we know that these things are difficult to combat; especially if we cherish freedom. It will be answered: “But these are just symptoms of people’s unhapiness. They are unhappy about such things as social inequality and unemployment.” If by social inequality is meant that some people have more money than others, then I should say that, as long as those others can live reasonably well, I don’t care. Unemployment is of course a very different matter.
I am very much aware of the fact that unemployment is a terrible thing, a real social ill, the most terrible of all our social problems. I certainly do not know how to cure it, but of one thing I am sure: it is an ill that every democratic government would not only wish to cure but would make great sacrifices to cure if it only knew how.
Our Western democratic societies are far from being perfect. Bu discussion of their faults is welcome in all of them; and practical steps to remedy matters are constantly being searched for, and being taken — certainly more than ever before and certainly more than anywhere else.
Our Western democracies are the most flexible, the most anxious for reforms: the reforms I have witnessed in my life time amount to several social revolutions. Of course we have made great mistakes, and some of them have not yet been corrected. Obviously, democratic public opinion is not always very wise. But there is an infinit amount of goodwill about. Peace on earth and goodwill toward men: this is the hope of millions. I know nothing and can prove nothing, but I believe that millions on both sides of the Iron Curtain would willingly give their lives if they knew that by doing so they could establish peace.
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Immanuel Kant, a philosopher venerated by many, and also by Karl Marx, foresaw the possibility of such a development. He discussed it in his marvellous essay “On Eternal Peace”. “No state”, Kant writes, “ought to allow itself to commit those kinds of hostile acts that are likely to undermine mutual confidence in future peace”. This, Kant shows, is a sheer commonsense principle of self-interest: since the future is never fully predictable, the violation of this principle can easily become suicidal for the transgressor. So wrote Kant in 1795, before wars had become national wars (with Napoleon); or total wars (with Hitler); or nuclear wars (with our own destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
The disappearance in the West of trust in Russia’s word was a lengthy process. The process was lenghty not only because of the typical inclination of a democracy to believe in words of peace and to disbelieve or discount acts that belie these words, but also for more rational reasons. It takes some time to convince oneself that rational people are acting against their own obvious self-interest. Now the self-interest of all parties to avoid common suicide by universal extermination is obvious; and so is the self-interest of acting in accordance with Kant’s principle.
There is a school of utilitarians that says taht morality is nothing but enlightened self-interest. I do not believe this; in fact, I think it is blatantly untrue. But in the present world situation it is blatantly true that morality and the rational self-interest of the great powers do coincide with the establishment of mutual trust in each other’s signatures.
Two events led to the collapse of our trust in both the sincerity and the rationality of the rulers of Russia: the complete disregard of the Helsinki agreement on human rights and the invasion of Afghanistan.
After the invasion of Afghanistan, it was felt by ereryone in the West that Russia’s talk of peaceful coexistence and her solemnly signed agreements were parallel to Hitler’s announcement that the Rhineland — then Czechoslovakia, then Poland — was definitely the last demand.
I do not know anyone in the West who is any longer interested in what happens at the Madrid conference. Treaties are no longer taken seriously. If Russia wishes a reversal of this terrible situation (which did not arise in Lenin’s or even in Stalin’s days), only her acts — drastically different acts will be able to achieve it.
I think that Russia ought to have learned from Hitler’s error, and the West ought to have learned from our own errors. The West gave in to Hitler many, many times: we wanted to convince him that we were ready, without hypocrisy, for what is now called peaceful coexistence. He took it for weakness — a fatal error, as it turned out: fatal for millions, fatal for him. So Hitler proceeded, like the Kaiser, from victory to victory ande from treachery to treachery. He had failed to learn from their mistakes.
The Russians, like Hitler’s Germany, refused to be convinced of our sincerity concerning peaceful coexistence. They took it for weakness. This was a great mistake, and they are now on a dangerous path. A first turn away from this path — a turn that they should take in any case, not only in the interest of humanity but in their own self-interest — would be to fulfil what they had promised and signed im Moscow and in Helsinki and reverse their policy toward the valuable and constructive criticism of the so-called dissenters, and stop the violation of human rights.
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Our edition: Karl Popper, “After the Open Society, Routledge, New York, 2012, pp. 334-8.
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